Which Art Form Was Adapted by Buddhists as a Way of Demonstrating Their Teachings? Quizler

Artistic practices influenced past Buddhism

Thangka of Shakyamuni Buddha, Tibet, c. 18th century

Buddhist art is fine art influenced by Buddhism. It includes depictions of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, notable Buddhist figures both historical and mythical, narrative scenes from their lives, mandalas, and physical objects associated with Buddhist practice, such every bit vajras, bells, stupas and Buddhist temple architecture.^[one] Buddhist art originated on the Indian subcontinent, following the historical life of Siddhartha Gautama from the sixth to 5th century BCE.

As Buddhism spread and evolved in each new host country, Buddhist art followed in its footsteps. It adult to the north through Cardinal Asia and into Eastern Asia to class the Northern branch of Buddhist art, and to the east as far as Southeast Asia to form the Southern co-operative of Buddhist art. In Republic of india, Buddhist art flourished and co-adult with Hindu and Jain art, with cave temple complexes built together, each probable influencing the other.^[two]

History [edit]

Pre-iconic phase (fifth–1st century BCE) [edit]

During the 2nd to 1st century BCE, sculptures became more explicit, representing episodes of the Buddha's life and teachings. These took the form of votive tablets or friezes, usually in relation to the decoration of stupas. Although India had a long sculptural tradition and a mastery of rich iconography, the Buddha was never represented in human form, only simply through Buddhist symbolism. This period may have been aniconic.

Artists were reluctant to describe the Buddha anthropomorphically, and developed sophisticated aniconic symbols to avoid doing so (even in narrative scenes where other homo figures would appear). This tendency remained as tardily every bit the 2nd century CE in the southern parts of India, in the art of the Amaravati School (see: Mara'due south assault on the Buddha). It has been argued that earlier anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha may take been made of forest and may accept perished since then. However, no related archaeological prove has been found.

The earliest works of Buddhist art in India engagement back to the 1st century BCE. The Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya became a model for similar structures in Burma and Indonesia. The frescoes at Sigiriya are said to be even older than the Ajanta Caves paintings.^[3]

Iconic stage (1st century CE – present) [edit]

Chinese historical sources and mural paintings in the Tarim Basin city of Dunhuang accurately describe the travels of the explorer and ambassador Zhang Qian to Central Asia every bit far as Bactria effectually 130 BCE, and the same murals depict the Emperor Han Wudi (156–87 BCE) worshiping Buddhist statues, explaining them as "gold men brought in 120 BCE by a great Han general in his campaigns against the nomads." Although in that location is no other mention of Han Wudi worshiping the Buddha in Chinese historical literature, the murals would suggest that statues of the Buddha were already in existence during the 2d century BCE, connecting them straight to the fourth dimension of the Indo-Greeks.

Anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha started to emerge from the 1st century CE in Northern India, with the Bimaran casket. The iii main centers of creation have been identified as Gandhara in today's North West Frontier Province, in Islamic republic of pakistan, Amaravati and the region of Mathura, in key northern India.

Hellenistic culture was introduced in Gandhara during the conquests of Alexander the Neat in 332 BCE. Chandragupta Maurya (r. 321–298 BCE), founder of the Mauryan Empire, conquered the Macedonian satraps during the Seleucid-Mauryan War of 305–303 BCE. Chandragupta'southward grandson Ashoka (r. 268–232 BCE), who formed the largest Empire in the Indian subcontinent, converted to Buddhism following the Kalinga State of war. Abandoning an expansionist ideology, Ashoka worked to spread the faith and philosophy throughout his empire as described in the edicts of Ashoka. Ashoka claims to accept converted the Greek populations within his realm to Buddhism:

Here in the king'southward domain amid the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dharma.^[5]

Afterward the overthrow of the Mauryan Empire by the Shunga Empire, the Greco-Bactrian and subsequently the Indo-Greek Kingdoms invaded north-western India. They facilitated the spread of Greco-Buddhist art fashion to other parts of the subcontinent. The Indo-Greek King Menander I was renown as a slap-up patron of Buddhism, attaining the title of an arhat.^[6] Meanwhile, Pushyamitra Shunga persecuted Buddhism, presumably to further erase the legacy of the Mauryan Empire.^[7] This led to the decline of Buddhist art eastward of Mathura.

Gandharan Buddhist sculpture displays Hellenistic artistic influence in the forms of human figures and ornament. Figures were much larger than any known from Bharat previously, and also more naturalistic, and new details included wavy pilus, pall covering both shoulders, shoes and sandals, and acanthus leaf ornament.^{[ citation needed ]}

The art of Mathura tends to exist based on an Indian tradition, exemplified past the anthropomorphic representation of divinities such as the Yaksas, although in a style rather archaic compared to the later representations of the Buddha. The Mathuran school contributed clothes covering the left shoulder of thin muslin, the wheel on the palm, the lotus seat.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Mathura and Gandhara also influenced each other. During their artistic florescence, the two regions were even united politically under the Kushans, both existence capitals of the empire. It is all the same a affair of debate whether the anthropomorphic representations of Buddha was essentially a event of a local evolution of Buddhist fine art at Mathura, or a consequence of Greek cultural influence in Gandhara through the Greco-Buddhist syncretism.

This iconic fine art was characterized from the kickoff by a realistic idealism, combining realistic human features, proportions, attitudes and attributes, together with a sense of perfection and serenity reaching to the divine. This expression of the Buddha every bit both human being and God became the iconographic canon for subsequent Buddhist fine art.^{[ citation needed ]}

Remains of early Buddhist painting in India are vanishingly rare, with the after phases of the Ajanta Caves giving the great majority of surviving work, created over a relatively short upwards to about 480 CE. These are highly sophisticated works, plainly produced in a well-adult tradition, probably painting secular piece of work in palaces as much equally religious subjects.

Buddhist fine art continued to develop in India for a few more centuries. The pink sandstone sculptures of Mathura evolved during the Gupta period (4th to 6th century CE) to reach a very loftier fineness of execution and delicacy in the modeling. The art of the Gupta school was extremely influential almost everywhere in the residuum of Asia. At the end of the 12th century CE, Buddhism in its total glory came to be preserved only in the Himalayan regions in India. These areas, helped by their location, were in greater contact with Tibet and Red china - for example the art and traditions of Ladakh bear the stamp of Tibetan and Chinese influence.

Buddhist expansion throughout Asia.

As Buddhism expanded outside of India from the 1st century CE, its original creative package blended with other artistic influences, leading to a progressive differentiation among the countries adopting the faith.

A Northern route was established from the 1st century CE through Cardinal Asia, Nepal, Tibet, Kingdom of bhutan, China, Korea, Nippon and Vietnam, in which Mahayana Buddhism prevailed.
A Southern route, where Theravada Buddhism dominated, went through Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Kingdom of cambodia, and Laos.

Northern Buddhist fine art [edit]

The Silk Road manual of Buddhism to Central Asia, Communist china and ultimately Korea and Japan started in the 1st century CE with a semi-legendary account of an embassy sent to the West by the Chinese Emperor Ming (58–75 CE). However, extensive contacts started in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin, with the missionary efforts of a great number of Primal Asian Buddhist monks to Chinese lands. The first missionaries and translators of Buddhists scriptures into Chinese, such equally Lokaksema, were either Parthian, Kushan, Sogdian or Kuchean.

Fundamental Asian missionary efforts forth the Silk Road were accompanied by a flux of creative influences, visible in the evolution of Serindian art from the 2d through the 11th century in the Tarim Bowl, modern Xinjiang. Serindian fine art frequently derives from the Greco-Buddhist art of the Gandhara commune of what is now Pakistan, combining Indian, Greek and Roman influences. Silk Route Greco-Buddhist artistic influences tin can be found every bit far as Japan to this day, in architectural motifs, Buddhist imagery, and a select few representations of Japanese gods.

The fine art of the northern route was also highly influenced past the development of Mahāyāna Buddhism, an inclusive branch of Buddhism characterized by the adoption of new texts, in addition to the traditional āgamas, and a shift in the understanding of Buddhism. Mahāyāna goes beyond the traditional Early on Buddhist ideal of the release from suffering (duḥkha) of arhats, and emphasizes the bodhisattva path. The Mahāyāna sutras drag the Buddha to a transcendent and infinite being, and feature a pantheon of bodhisattvas devoting themselves to the Six Perfections, ultimate knowledge (Prajñāpāramitā), enlightenment, and the liberation of all sentient beings. Northern Buddhist art thus tends to be characterized past a very rich and syncretic Buddhist pantheon, with a multitude of images of the various buddhas, bodhisattvas, and heavenly beings (devas).

Transitional islamic state of afghanistan [edit]

Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–sixth century

Buddhist fine art in Afghanistan (old Bactria) persisted for several centuries until the spread of Islam in the 7th century. Information technology is exemplified by the Buddhas of Bamyan. Other sculptures, in stucco, schist or dirt, display very strong blending of Indian post-Gupta mannerism and Classical influence, Hellenistic or possibly even Greco-Roman.

Although Islamic dominion was limited tolerant of other religions "of the Volume", information technology showed nada tolerance for Buddhism, which was perceived as a religion depending on "idolatry". Human figurative art forms also being prohibited under Islam, Buddhist art suffered numerous attacks, which culminated with the systematic destructions by the Taliban regime. The Buddhas of Bamyan, the sculptures of Hadda, and many of the remaining artifacts at the Afghanistan museum accept been destroyed.

The multiple conflicts since the 1980s besides take led to a systematic pillage of archaeological sites manifestly in the hope of reselling in the international market what artifacts could be found.

Central Asia [edit]

Central Asia long played the role of a coming together place between Prc, Bharat and Persia. During the 2nd century BCE, the expansion of the Former Han to the West led to increased contact with the Hellenistic civilizations of Asia, especially the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.

Thereafter, the expansion of Buddhism to the Due north led to the formation of Buddhist communities and even Buddhist kingdoms in the oasis of Central Asia. Some Silk Road cities consisted almost entirely of Buddhist stupas and monasteries, and it seems that one of their chief objectives was to welcome and service travelers between East and West.

The eastern function of Central Asia (Chinese Turkestan (Tarim Basin, Xinjiang) in particular has revealed an extremely rich Serindian art (wall paintings and reliefs in numerous caves, portable paintings on canvas, sculpture, ritual objects), displaying multiple influences from Indian and Hellenistic cultures. Works of art reminiscent of the Gandharan style, as well equally scriptures in the Gandhari script Kharoshti have been found. These influences were rapidly absorbed however by the vigorous Chinese culture, and a strongly Chinese particularism develops from that point.

China [edit]

A seated Maitreya statue Northern Wei, 512 CE.

Buddhism arrived in China effectually the 1st century CE, and introduced new types of art into China, particularly in the expanse of bronze. Receiving this distant organized religion, strong Chinese traits were incorporated into Buddhist art.

Northern Dynasties [edit]

In the 5th to sixth centuries, the Northern Dynasties developed rather symbolic and abstract modes of representation, with schematic lines. Their style is also said to exist solemn and majestic. The lack of corporeality of this art, and its distance from the original Buddhist objective of expressing the pure ideal of enlightenment in an accessible and realistic manner, progressively led to a change towards more naturalism and realism, leading to the expression of Tang Buddhist art.

Sites preserving Northern Wei Dynasty Buddhist sculpture:

Yungang Grottoes, Shanxi
Longmen Grottoes, Henan
Bingling Temple, Gansu

Tang Dynasty - Qing Dynasty [edit]

Following a transition under the Sui Dynasty, Buddhist sculpture of the Tang evolved towards a markedly lifelike expression. Considering of the dynasty's openness to foreign influences, and renewed exchanges with Indian culture due to the numerous travels of Chinese Buddhist monks to India, Tang dynasty Buddhist sculpture assumed a rather classical form, inspired by the Indian art of the Gupta flow. During that time, the Tang capital of Chang'an (today's Xi'an) became an important heart for Buddhism. From at that place Buddhism spread to Korea, and Japanese missions to Tang Cathay helped information technology gain a foothold in Japan. Strange influences came to be negatively perceived in Prc towards the end of the Tang dynasty. In the year 845, the Tang emperor Wuzong outlawed all "foreign" religions (including Christian Nestorianism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism) in order to support the indigenous religion, Taoism. He confiscated Buddhist possessions, and forced the religion to go underground, therefore affecting the evolution of the religion and its arts in China.

After the Tang dynasty, Buddhism continued to receive official patronage in several states during the Five Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms period, which connected under the successive Liao, Jin, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. This was marked by construction of new monumental Buddhist artwork at grottoes, such as the massive Buddha sculptures at the Dazu Rock Carvings in Sichuan province, as well as at temples, such equally the giant esoteric statues of the Bodhisattva Guanyin in Longxing Temple and Dule Temple.^[10] ^[11] ^[12] The various Chinese Buddhist traditions, such as Tiantai and Huayan, experienced revivals. Chan Buddhism, in item, rose to nifty prominence under the Song dynasty. Early paintings by Chan monks tended to eschew the meticulous realism of Gongbi painting in favour of vigorous, monochrome paintings, attempting to express the impact of enlightenment through their brushwork.^[xiii] The rise of Neo-Confucianism under Zhu Xi in the twelfth century resulted in considerable criticism of the monk-painters by the literati. Despite this, Chan ink paintings continued to be adept by monastics through the Yuan (1271 - 1368) and Ming (1368 - 1644) dynasties well into the Qing (1636 - 1912) dynasty.^[14] ^[15] ^[16] Bated from Chan ink paintings, other forms of painting also proliferated, especially during the Ming dynasty, such equally the H2o and State Ritual paintings and mural art which draw various Buddhist divinities and other figures.^[17]

During the Qing Dynasty, Manchu emperors supported Buddhist practices for a range of political and personal reasons. The Shunzhi Emperor was a devotee of Chan Buddhism, while his successor, the Kangxi Emperor promoted Tibetan Buddhism, claiming to exist the man apotheosis of the bodhisattva Manjusri.^[18] However, it was under the rule of the 3rd Qing ruler, the Qianlong Emperor, that royal patronage of the Buddhist arts reached its height in this period. He commissioned a vast number of religious works in the Tibetan style, many of which depicted him in various sacred guises.^[xix] Works of art produced during this menstruum are characterized by a unique fusion of Tibetan and Chinese artistic approaches. They combine a characteristically Tibetan attention to iconographic detail with Chinese-inspired decorative elements. Inscriptions are often written in Chinese, Manchu, Tibetan, Mongolian and Sanskrit, while paintings are oftentimes rendered in vibrant colors.^[xx] Additionally, the Qianlong Emperor initiated a number of large-scale construction projects; in 1744 he rededicated the Yonghe Temple equally Beijing'southward main Tibetan Buddhist monastery, donating a number of valuable religious paintings, sculptures, textiles and inscriptions to the temple.^[21] The Xumi Fushou Temple, and the works housed within, is some other project commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor that embodies the unique blend of Chinese, Tibetan and Manchurian artistic styles that characterized some of the Buddhist art produced in Communist china under Qianlong's reign. After the Qianlong Emperor'southward abdication in 1795, the popularity of Tibetan Buddhism at the Qing court declined. The motives behind the Qing emperors' promotion of Tibetan Buddhism have been interpreted every bit a calculated deed of political manipulation, and a means of forging ties between Manchu, Mongolian, and Tibetan communities, though this has been challenged by recent scholarship.^[22]

Legacy [edit]

The popularization of Buddhism in China has fabricated the land home to the richest collections of Buddhist arts in the world. The Mogao Caves near Dunhuang and the Bingling Temple caves nearly Yongjing in Gansu province, the Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang in Henan province, the Yungang Grottoes near Datong in Shanxi province, and the Dazu Rock Carvings about Chongqing municipality are amidst the most of import and renowned Buddhist sculptural sites. The Leshan Giant Buddha, carved out of a hillside in the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty and looking down on the confluence of three rivers, is however the largest stone Buddha statue in the world. Numerous temples throughout China still preserve various Buddhist statues and paintings from previous dynasties. In add-on, Buddhist sculptures are however produced in gimmicky times mainly for enshrinement in Buddhist temples and shrines.

Korea [edit]

Korean Buddhist art more often than not reflects an interaction between other Buddhist influences and a strongly original Korean culture. Additionally, the art of the steppes, particularly Siberian and Scythian influences, are axiomatic in early Korean Buddhist art based on the excavation of artifacts and burial goods such as Silla regal crowns, chugalug buckles, daggers, and comma-shaped gogok.^[23] ^[24] The style of this indigenous art was geometric, abstract and richly adorned with a characteristic "barbarian" luxury ^{[ clarify ]}. Although many other influences were potent, Korean Buddhist fine art, "bespeaks a sobriety, taste for the right tone, a sense of abstraction but also of colours that curiously enough are in line with contemporary taste" (Pierre Cambon, Arts asiatiques – Guimet').^{[ citation needed ]}

Iii Kingdoms of Korea [edit]

Bangasayusang, semi-seated contemplative Maitreya probably from Silla, circa early on 7th century.

The first of the Iii Kingdoms of Korea to officially receive Buddhism was Goguryeo in 372.^[25] However, Chinese records and the use of Buddhist motifs in Goguryeo murals bespeak the introduction of Buddhism earlier than the official appointment.^[26] The Baekje Kingdom officially recognized Buddhism in 384.^[25] The Silla Kingdom, isolated and with no piece of cake sea or land admission to Cathay, officially adopted Buddhism in 535 although the foreign faith was known in the kingdom due to the work of Goguryeo monks since the early 5th century.^[27] The introduction of Buddhism stimulated the need for artisans to create images for veneration, architects for temples, and the literate for the Buddhist sutras and transformed Korean culture. Particularly of import in the manual of sophisticated art styles to the Korean kingdoms was the fine art of the "barbaric" Tuoba, a clan of non-Han Chinese Xianbei people who established the Northern Wei Dynasty in Mainland china in 386. The Northern Wei style was particularly influential in the art of the Goguryeo and Baekje. Baekje artisans afterward transmitted this style forth with Southern Dynasty elements and distinct Korean elements to Nihon. Korean artisans were highly selective of the styles they incorporated and combined unlike regional styles together to create a specific Korean Buddhist art way.^[28] ^[29]

While Goguryeo Buddhist art exhibited vitality and mobility akin with Northern Wei prototypes, the Baekje Kingdom was also in close contact with the Southern Dynasties of Red china and this close diplomatic contact is exemplified in the gentle and proportional sculpture of the Baekje, epitomized by Baekje sculpture exhibiting the fathomless smiling known to art historians as the Baekje smile.^[30] The Silla Kingdom also developed a distinctive Buddhist art tradition epitomized by the Bangasayusang, a one-half-seated contemplative statue of Maitreya whose Korean-made twin was sent to Japan as a proselytizing gift and now resides in the Koryu-ji Temple in Nippon.^[31]

Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms menstruation stimulated massive temple-building projects, such as the Mireuksa Temple in the Baekje Kingdom and the Hwangnyongsa Temple in Silla. Baekje architects were famed for their skill and were instrumental in edifice the massive nine-story pagoda at Hwangnyongsa and early on Buddhist temples in Yamato Japan such as Hōkō-ji (Asuka-dera) and Hōryū-ji.^[32] 6th century Korean Buddhist fine art exhibited the cultural influences of China and Republic of india but began to testify distinctive ethnic characteristics.^[33] These ethnic characteristics can be seen in early on Buddhist art in Nihon and some early Japanese Buddhist sculpture is at present believed to have originated in Korea, specially from Baekje, or Korean artisans who immigrated to Yamato Japan. Especially, the semi-seated Maitreya class was adapted into a highly developed Korean manner which was transmitted to Japan as evidenced by the Koryu-ji Miroku Bosatsu and the Chugu-ji Siddhartha statues. Although many historians portray Korea as a mere transmitter of Buddhism, the 3 Kingdoms, and peculiarly Baekje, were instrumental as agile agents in the introduction and germination of a Buddhist tradition in Japan in 538 or 552.^[34]

Unified Silla [edit]

During the Unified Silla period, East Asia was especially stable with China and Korea both enjoying unified governments. Early Unified Silla art combined Silla styles and Baekje styles. Korean Buddhist art was besides influenced past new Tang Dynasty styles as evidenced by a new popular Buddhist motif with full-faced Buddha sculptures. Tang China was the cross roads of East, Central, and Southern asia and so the Buddhist art of this time menses showroom the then-called international style. State-sponsored Buddhist art flourished during this menstruation, the image of which is the Seokguram Grotto.

Goryeo Dynasty [edit]

The fall of the Unified Silla Dynasty and the establishment of the Goryeo Dynasty in 918 indicates a new period of Korean Buddhist art. The Goryeo kings besides lavishly sponsored Buddhism and Buddhist art flourished, peculiarly Buddhist paintings and illuminated sutras written in gold and silver ink. [1]. The crowning achievement of this menses is the carving of approximately 80,000 woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana which was washed twice.

Joseon Dynasty [edit]

The Joseon Dynasty actively suppressed Buddhism start in 1406 and Buddhist temples and art production subsequently decline in quality in quantity although kickoff in 1549, Buddhist art does proceed to be produced. [2].

Nippon [edit]

Before the introduction of Buddhism, Japan had already been the seat of various cultural (and artistic) influences, from the abstract linear decorative art of the indigenous Neolithic Jōmon from around 10500 BCE to 300 BCE, to the fine art during the Yayoi and Kofun periods, with developments such every bit Haniwa art.

The cultural exchange between Bharat and Nihon was not straight, every bit Japan received Buddhism through Korea, Cathay, Key Asia and eventually India. The Japanese discovered Buddhism in the 6th century when missionary monks travelled to the islands together with numerous scriptures and works of fine art. The cultural contact between Indian Dharmic civilization and Nihon through the adoption of Buddhist ideas and aesthetic has contributed to the development of a national cultural order in the subsequent century.^[35] The Buddhist religion was adopted by the state in the post-obit century. Being geographically at the end of the Silk Road, Japan was able to preserve many aspects of Buddhism at the very time it was disappearing in India, and being suppressed in Central Asia.

From 711, numerous temples and monasteries were congenital in the capital city of Nara, including a five-story pagoda, the Golden Hall of the Horyuji, and the Kōfuku-ji temple. Countless paintings and sculptures were fabricated, often under governmental sponsorship. Indian, Hellenistic, Chinese and Korean creative influences composite into an original mode characterized by realism and gracefulness.

The creation of Japanese Buddhist art was especially rich between the 8th and 13th centuries during the periods of Nara, Heian and Kamakura. Nippon developed an extremely rich figurative art for the pantheon of Buddhist deities, sometimes combined with Hindu and Shinto influences. This fine art can be very varied, creative and assuming. Jōchō is said to be one of the greatest Buddhist sculptors non merely in Heian period merely also in the history of Buddhist statues in Japan. Jōchō redefined the body shape of Buddha statues by perfecting the technique of "yosegi zukuri" (寄木造り) which is a combination of several woods. The peaceful expression and graceful figure of the Buddha statue that he fabricated completed a Japanese style of sculpture of Buddha statues chosen "Jōchō yō" (Jōchō way, 定朝様) and determined the style of Japanese Buddhist statues of the later period. His achievement dramatically raised the social status of busshi (Buddhist sculptor) in Nihon.^[36]

In the Kamakura period, the Minamoto clan established the Kamakura shogunate and the samurai class virtually ruled Japan for the first fourth dimension. Jocho's successors, sculptors of the Kei school of Buddhist statues, created realistic and dynamic statues to suit the tastes of samurai, and Japanese Buddhist sculpture reached its tiptop. Unkei, Kaikei, and Tankei were famous, and they fabricated many new Buddha statues at many temples such as Kofuku-ji, where many Buddha statues had been lost in wars and fires.^[37] I of the most outstanding Buddhist arts of the period was the statue of Buddha enshrined in Sanjūsangen-dō consisting of 1032 statues produced past sculptors of Buddhist statues of the Kei schoolhouse, In schoolhouse and En schoolhouse. The 1 principal paradigm Senju Kannon in the center, the surrounding 1001 Senju Kannon, the 28 attendants of Senju Kannon, Fūjin and Raijin create a solemn space, and all Buddha statues are designated every bit National Treasures.^[38] ^[39]

From the 12th and 13th, a further development was Zen art, and it faces gilt days in Muromachi Period, following the introduction of the organized religion by Dogen and Eisai upon their render from Prc. Zen art is mainly characterized by original paintings (such as sumi-due east) and poesy (especially haikus), striving to express the truthful essence of the globe through impressionistic and unadorned "non-dualistic" representations. The search for enlightenment "in the moment" also led to the development of other important derivative arts such every bit the Chanoyu tea ceremony or the Ikebana fine art of bloom organisation. This development went as far every bit considering most any human action every bit an art with a strong spiritual and aesthetic content, showtime and foremost in those activities related to gainsay techniques (martial arts).

Buddhism remains very agile in Japan to this day. Still around eighty,000 Buddhist temples are preserved. Many of them are in wood and are regularly restored.

Tibet and Bhutan [edit]

Yama, 18th century, Tibet

Tantric Buddhism started equally a motility in eastern Republic of india effectually the 5th or the 6th century. Many of the practices of Tantric Buddhism are derived from Brahmanism (the usage of mantras, yoga, or the burning of sacrificial offerings). Tantrism became the dominant form of Buddhism in Tibet from the eighth century. Due to its geographical axis in Asia, Tibetan Buddhist art received influence from Indian, Nepali, Greco-Buddhist and Chinese fine art.

One of the near characteristic creations of Tibetan Buddhist fine art are the mandalas, diagrams of a "divine temple" made of a circle enclosing a square, the purpose of which is to help Buddhist devotees focus their attention through meditation and follow the path to the key image of the Buddha. Artistically, Buddhist Gupta art and Hindu art tend to exist the ii strongest inspirations of Tibetan fine art.

In 10th to 11th centuries, Tabo Monastery in Himachal Pradesh, Northern Bharat (at that time office of Western Tibet Kingdom) serves an important role as an intermediary between India and Tibet cultural exchange, particularly Buddhist fine art and philosophy. Notable example of Tibetan Buddhist art in Tabo is its exquisite frescoes.^[40]

Vietnam [edit]

The boy Buddha ascent up from lotus. Crimson and aureate forest, Trần-Hồ dynasty, Vietnam, 14th–15th century

Chinese influence was predominant in the northward of Vietnam (Tonkin) between the 1st and 9th centuries, and Confucianism and Mahayana Buddhism were prevalent. Overall, the art of Vietnam has been strongly influenced by Chinese Buddhist art.

In the southward thrived the former kingdom of Champa (earlier information technology was afterwards overtaken by the Vietnamese from the north). Champa had a strongly Indianized art, only as neighboring Cambodia. Many of its statues were characterized by rich trunk adornments. The capital of the kingdom of Champa was annexed past Vietnam in 1471, and it totally collapsed in the 1720s, while Cham people remain an abundant minority across Southeast Asia.

Southern Buddhist art [edit]

The orthodox forms of Buddhism, as well known as Southern Buddhism are all the same practised in Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Lao people's democratic republic, and Cambodia. During the 1st century CE, the trade on the overland Silk Route tended to be restricted by the rise of the Parthian empire in the Middle East, an unvanquished enemy of Rome, only as Romans were becoming extremely wealthy and their demand for Asian luxury was ascent. This demand revived the sea connections between the Mediterranean Bounding main and China, with India equally the intermediary of choice. From that fourth dimension, through trade connections, commercial settlements, and even political interventions, India started to strongly influence Southeast Asian countries. Trade routes linked Republic of india with southern Burma, key and southern Siam, lower Cambodia and southern Vietnam, and numerous urbanized coastal settlements were established at that place.

A Cambodian Buddha, 14th century

For more than a thousand years, Indian influence was therefore the major factor that brought a sure level of cultural unity to the various countries of the region. The Pali and Sanskrit languages and the Indian script, together with Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism, Brahmanism and Hinduism, were transmitted from direct contact and through sacred texts and Indian literature such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. This expansion provided the artistic context for the development of Buddhist fine art in these countries, which and then developed characteristics of their own.

Between the 1st and eighth centuries, several kingdoms competed for influence in the region (particularly the Cambodian Funan so the Burmese Mon kingdoms) contributing various artistic characteristics, mainly derived from the Indian Gupta manner. Combined with a pervading Hindu influence, Buddhist images, votive tablets and Sanskrit inscriptions are institute throughout the area. Between 8th- and twelfth-century, under the patronage of Pala dynasty, arts and ideas of Buddhism and Hinduism co-developed and became increasingly intermeshed.^[41] However, with Muslim invasion and sacking of monasteries in Bharat, states Richard Blurton, "Buddhism collapsed as a major forcefulness in India".^[41]

By the 8th to 9th century, Sailendran Buddhist art were adult and flourished in Medang Mataram kingdom of Fundamental Java, Indonesia. This period marked the renaissance of Buddhist art in Java, as numerous exquisite monuments were built, including Kalasan, Manjusrigrha, Mendut and Borobudur stone mandala. The traditions would proceed to the 13th century Singhasari Buddhist art of Due east Coffee.

From the 9th to the 13th centuries, Southeast Asia had very powerful empires and became extremely active in Buddhist architectural and artistic cosmos. The Sri Vijaya Empire to the due south and the Khmer Empire to the north competed for influence, merely both were adherents of Mahayana Buddhism, and their art expressed the rich Mahayana pantheon of the Bodhisattvas. The Theravada Buddhism of the Pali canon was introduced to the region around the 13th century from Sri Lanka, and was adopted past the newly founded ethnic Thai kingdom of Sukhothai. Since in Theravada Buddhism of the period, Monasteries typically were the central places for the laity of the towns to receive educational activity and accept disputes arbitrated by the monks, the construction of temple complexes plays a particularly important role in the creative expression of Southeast Asia from that fourth dimension.

From the 14th century, the main factor was the spread of Islam to the maritime areas of Southeast Asia, overrunning Malaysia, Indonesia, and most of the islands as far equally the Southern Philippines. In the continental areas, Theravada Buddhism continued to expand into Burma, Laos and Kingdom of cambodia.

Sri Lanka [edit]

According to tradition, Buddhism was introduced in Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BCE by Indian missionaries nether the guidance of Thera Mahinda, the son of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. Prior to the expansion of Buddhism, the indigenous population of Sri Lanka lived in an animistic earth total of superstition. The assimilation and conversion of the various pre-Buddhist behavior was a slow procedure. In society to gain a foothold among the rural population, Buddhism needed to assimilate the various categories of spirits and other supernatural beliefs.^{[ citation needed ]} The earliest monastic circuitous was the Mahāvihāra at Anurādhapura founded by Devānampiyatissa and presented to Mahinda Thera. The Mahāvihāra became the centre of the orthodox Theravāda doctrine and its supreme position remained unchallenged until the foundation of the Abhayagiri Vihāra around 89 BCE by Vaţţagāmaņĩ.

The Abhayagiri Vihāra became the seat of the reformed Mahāyāna doctrines. The rivalry between the monks of the Mahāvihāra and the Abhayagiri led to a further split and the foundation of the Jetavanarama near the Mahāvihāra. The main feature of Sinhala Buddhism was its partition into three major groups, or nikāyas, named after the three primary monastic complexes at Anurādhapura; the Mahāvihāra, the Abhayagiri, and the Jetavanārāma. This was the result in the deviations in the disciplinary rules (vinaya) and doctrinal disputes. All the other monasteries of Sri Lanka owed ecclesiastical allegiance to one of the three. Sri Lanka is famous for its creations of Buddhist sculptures made of stone and cast in bronze alloy.^[42]

Myanmar [edit]

A Mandalay-style statue of Buddha

A neighbor of India, Myanmar (Burma) was naturally strongly influenced by the eastern part of Indian territory. The Mon of southern Burma are said to have been converted to Buddhism around 200 BCE nether the proselytizing of the Indian male monarch Ashoka, earlier the schism between Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism.

Early Buddhist temples are found, such as Beikthano in fundamental Myanmar, with dates between the 1st and the fifth centuries. The Buddhist art of the Mons was especially influenced past the Indian fine art of the Gupta and mail service-Gupta periods, and their mannerist style spread widely in Southeast Asia following the expansion of the Mon Empire betwixt the 5th and eighth centuries.

Subsequently, thousands of Buddhist temples were congenital at Bagan, the capital, betwixt the 11th and 13th centuries, and around two,000 of them are still standing. Beautiful jeweled statues of the Buddha are remaining from that menstruum. Creation managed to go on despite the seizure of the city by the Mongols in 1287.

Scenes from the life of the Buddha in an 18th-century Burmese watercolour

During the Ava period, from the 14th to 16th centuries, the Ava (Innwa) mode of the Buddha image was popular. In this way, the Buddha has large protruding ears, exaggerated eyebrows that curve up, half-closed eyes, thin lips and a hair bun that is pointed at the top, usually depicted in the bhumisparsa mudra.^[43]

During the Konbaung dynasty, at the end of the 18th century, the Mandalay way of the Buddha epitome emerged, a style that remains popular to this day.^[44] There was a marked difference from the Innwa manner, and the Buddha's face is much more natural, fleshy, with naturally-slanted eyebrows, slightly slanted eyes, thicker lips, and a round hair bun at the elevation. Buddha images in this mode can be found reclining, standing or sitting.^[45] Mandalay-style Buddhas wearable flowing, draped robes.

Another mutual style of Buddha images is the Shan style, from the Shan people, who inhabit the highlands of Myanmar. In this style, the Buddha is depicted with athwart features, a big and prominently pointed nose, a hair bun tied similar to Thai styles, and a small, thin mouth.^[46]

Kingdom of cambodia [edit]

Cambodia was the center of the Funan kingdom, which expanded into Burma and as far south as Malaysia betwixt the 3rd and 6th centuries. Its influence seems to have been essentially political, almost of the cultural influence coming directly from Bharat.

Later, from the 9th to 13th centuries, the Mahayana Buddhist and Hindu Central khmer Empire dominated vast parts of the Southeast Asian peninsula, and its influence was foremost in the development of Buddhist art in the region. Under the Central khmer, more than than 900 temples were built in Kingdom of cambodia and in neighboring Thailand and Laos. The purple patronage for Khmer Buddhist fine art reached its new height with the patronage of Jayavarman Seven, a Buddhist male monarch that built Angkor Thom walled city, adorned with the grin face of Lokeshvara in Angkor Thom dvaras (gates) and prasat towers Bayon.^[47] Angkor was at the center of this development, with a Buddhist temple complex and urban organisation able to support around 1 1000000 urban dwellers. A great deal of Cambodian Buddhist sculpture is preserved at Angkor; however, organized annexation has had a heavy impact on many sites around the state.

Often, Khmer art manages to limited intense spirituality through divinely beaming expressions, in spite of spare features and slender lines.

Thailand [edit]

The Thai Buddhist art encompasses menstruum for more a millennia, from pre Thai culture of Dvaravati and Srivijaya, to the get-go Thai capital of Thai 13th century Sukhothai, all the way to succeeding Thai kingdoms of Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin.^[48]

From the 1st to the 7th centuries, Buddhist art in Thailand was first influenced by direct contact with Indian traders and the expansion of the Mon kingdom, leading to the cosmos of Hindu and Buddhist fine art inspired from the Gupta tradition, with numerous monumental statues of groovy virtuosity.

From the ninth century, the diverse schools of Thai art so became strongly influenced past Cambodian Khmer art in the north and Sri Vijaya art in the south, both of Mahayana faith. Up to the cease of that period, Buddhist art is characterized by a articulate fluidness in the expression, and the subject matter is feature of the Mahayana pantheon with multiple creations of Bodhisattvas.

From the 13th century, Theravada Buddhism was introduced from Sri Lanka around the same time as the indigenous Thai kingdom of Sukhothai was established.^[48] The new faith inspired highly stylized images in Thai Buddhism, with sometimes very geometrical and almost abstract figures.

During the Ayutthaya period (14th-18th centuries), the Buddha came to be represented in a more stylistic manner with sumptuous garments and jeweled ornamentations. Many Thai sculptures or temples tended to be gilded, and on occasion enriched with inlays.

The ensuing flow of Thonburi and Rattanakosin Kingdom saw the further development of Thai Buddhist art.^[48] By the 18th century, Bangkok was established as the imperial center of the kingdom of Siam. Subsequently, the Thai rulers filled the metropolis with imposing Buddhist monuments to demonstrate their Buddhist piety as well equally to showcase their authorisation. Among others are the historic Wat Phra Kaew which hosts the Emerald Buddha. Other Buddhist temples in Bangkok includes Wat Arun with prang manner towers, and Wat Pho with its famous image of Reclining Buddha.

Indonesia [edit]

Like the residue of Southeast Asia, Indonesia seems to have been nigh strongly influenced by India from the 1st century CE. The islands of Sumatra and Coffee in western Republic of indonesia were the seat of the empire of Sri Vijaya (8th-13th century), which came to boss near of the area around the Southeast Asian peninsula through maritime power. The Sri Vijayan Empire had adopted Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, under a line of rulers named the Sailendra. The Sailendras was the ardent temple builder and the devoted patron of Buddhism in Java.^[49] Sri Vijaya spread Mahayana Buddhist art during its expansion into the Southeast Asian peninsula. Numerous statues of Mahayana Bodhisattvas from this period are characterized past a very strong refinement and technical sophistication, and are constitute throughout the region. I of the earliest Buddhist inscription in Java, the Kalasan inscription dated 778, mentioned almost the construction of a temple for the goddess Tara.^[49]

Extremely rich and refined architectural remains are found in Java and Sumatra. The near magnificent is the temple of Borobudur (the largest Buddhist structure in the world, built around 780-850 AD), congenital by Sailendras.^[49] This temple is modelled after the Buddhist concept of universe, the Mandala which counts 505 images of the seated Buddha and unique bell-shaped stupa that contains the statue of Buddha. Borobudur is adorned with long series of bas-reliefs narrated the holy Buddhist scriptures.^[l] The oldest Buddhist construction in Indonesia probably is the Batujaya stupas at Karawang, West Java, dated from around the quaternary century. This temple is some plastered brick stupas. However, Buddhist art in Republic of indonesia reach the gilded era during the Sailendra dynasty rule in Java. The bas-reliefs and statues of Boddhisatva, Tara, and Kinnara found in Kalasan, Sewu, Sari, and Plaosan temple is very graceful with serene expression, While Mendut temple virtually Borobudur, houses the giant statue of Vairocana, Avalokitesvara, and Vajrapani.

In Sumatra Sri Vijaya probably congenital the temple of Muara Takus, and Muaro Jambi. The nearly beautiful example of classical Javanese Buddhist art is the serene and delicate statue of Prajnaparamita of Coffee (the collection of National Museum Djakarta) the goddess of transcendental wisdom from Singhasari kingdom.^[51] The Indonesian Buddhist Empire of Sri Vijaya declined due to conflicts with the Chola rulers of Bharat, then followed by Majapahit empire.

Philippines [edit]

The Primary Altar of a Buddhist Temple in Masangkay Street, Tondo, Manila.

The Philippines'south archaeological has a findings of Buddhist artifacts.^[52] ^[53] The style exhibits Vajrayāna influence,^[54] ^[55] ^[56] and near of them dated to the 9th century. The artifacts reflect the iconography of the Śrīvijayan empire'southward Vajrayāna and its influences on the Philippines'due south early on states. The artifacts' distinct features indicate to their production in the islands, and they hint at the artisan's or goldsmith'southward knowledge of Buddhist civilisation and literature because the artisans take made these unique works of Buddhist art. They imply also the presence of Buddhist believers in the places where these artifacts turned upwards. These places extended from the Agusan-Surigao surface area in Mindanao island to Cebu, Palawan, and Luzon islands. Hence, Vajrayāna ritualism must have spread far and wide throughout the archipelago.

Contemporary Buddhist art [edit]

The Last Release, by Abanindranath Tagore. Illustration from the book "Buddha and the gospel of Buddhism" (1916).

Many gimmicky artists have made use of Buddhist themes. Notable examples are Nib Viola, in his video installations,^[57] John Connell, in sculpture,^[58] and Allan Graham in his multi-media "Time is Retentivity".^[59]

In the U.k. The Network of Buddhist Organisations has interested itself in identifying Buddhist practitioners across all the arts. In 2005 information technology co-ordinated the United kingdom-wide Buddhist arts festival, "A Lotus in Flower";^[sixty] in 2009 it helped organise the ii-day arts conference, "Buddha Mind, Creative Mind".^[61] As a result of the latter an clan of Buddhist artists was formed.^[62]

See too [edit]

Gautama Buddha & Buddhism

Early Buddhist Texts

Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta

Samaññaphala Sutta

Mahaparinibbana Sutta

Great Renunciation & Four sights

Physical characteristics of the Buddha

Relics associated with Buddha

Buddharupa

Leela Attitude

Māravijaya Attitude

Meditation Mental attitude

Naga Prok Attitude

Buddhist architecture

Buddhist music

Buddhist symbolism

Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film

Notes [edit]

^ "What is Buddhist Fine art?". Buddhist Art News. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ T. Richard Blurton (1994), Hindu Art, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674391895, pp. 113–116, 160–162, 191–192
^ Buddhist Fine art Frontline Magazine 13–26 May 1989
^ Myer, Prudence R. (1986). "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā". Artibus Asiae. 47 (2): 111–113. doi:10.2307/3249969. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3249969.
^ Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)
^ "(In the Milindapanha) Menander is alleged an arhat", McEvilley, p. 378.
^ Simmons, Caleb; Sarao, Thousand. T. S. (2010). "Pushyamitra Sunga, a Hindu ruler in the second century BCE, was a corking persecutor of Buddhists". In Danver, Steven L. Popular Controversies in World History. ABC-CLIO. p. 89. ISBN 978-1598840780
^ Orlina, Roderick (2012). "Epigraphical evidence for the cult of Mahāpratisarā in the Philippines". Periodical of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 35 (i–2): 165–166. ISSN 0193-600X. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved thirty May 2019. This image was previously thought to be a distorted Tārā, merely was recently correctly identified as a Vajralāsyā ('Bodhisattva of amorous dance'), one of the iv deities associated with providing offerings to the Buddha Vairocana and located in the southeast corner of a Vajradhātumaṇḍala.
^ Weinstein, John. "Agusan Gold Vajralasya". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on i June 2019. Scholars remember that the statue may represent an offering goddess from a three-dimensional Vajradhatu (Diamond World) mandala.
^ Sørensen, Henrik H. (1995). "Buddhist Sculptures from the Vocal Dynasty at Mingshan Temple in Anyue, Sichuan". Artibus Asiae. 55 (3/4): 281–302. doi:10.2307/3249752. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3249752.
^ Solonin, M. J. (2013). "Buddhist Connections between the Liao and Xixia: Preliminary Considerations". Periodical of Song-Yuan Studies. 43: 171–219. ISSN 1059-3152. JSTOR 43855194.
^ Lin, Hang (one May 2019). "A Sinicised Organized religion Under Foreign Rule: Buddhism in the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)". The Medieval History Journal. 22 (1): 23–52. doi:10.1177/0971945818806991. ISSN 0971-9458. S2CID 165514947.
^ Cotterell, A; The majestic capitals of People's republic of china: an within view of the celestial empire, Random House 2008, ISBN 978-1-84595-010-1 p. 179
^ Ortiz, Valérie Malenfer; Dreaming the southern vocal landscape: the power of illusion in Chinese painting, Brill 1999, ISBN 978-90-04-11011-three pp. 161–162
^ Cahill, James (1997). "Continuations of Ch'an Ink Painting into Ming-Ch'ing and the Prevalence of Type Images". Archives of Asian Art. fifty: 17–41. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111272.
^ Ryor, Kathleen M. (2019). "Manner as Substance". In Faini, Marco; Meneghin, Alessia (eds.). Style as Substance:: Literary Ink Painting and Buddhist Practice in Late Ming Dynasty Red china. Domestic Devotions in the Early Modern World. Vol. 59. Brill. pp. 244–266. ISBN978-xc-04-34254-5. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctvrzgvxg.19. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ Ursula., Toyka-Fuong (2014). The splendours of paradise murals and epigraphic documents at the early Ming Buddhist monastery Fahai Si. Institut Monumenta Serica. ISBN978-iii-8050-0617-0. OCLC 1087831059.
^ Weidner, Marsha Smith, and Patricia Ann Berger. Latter Days of the Law : Images of Chinese Buddhism, 850–1850. Lawrence, KS: Spencer Museum of Fine art, University of Kansas, 1994.
^ Berger 1994, p. 113
^ Berger 1994, pp. 114–118
^ Berger 1994, p. 114
^ Berger, Patricia Ann. Empire of Emptiness : Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China. Honolulu: Academy of Hawai'i Press, 2003.
^ "Crown". Arts of Korea. The Metropolitan Museum of Fine art. Retrieved 9 Jan 2007.
^ Grayson (2002), p. 21.
^ ^a ^b Grayson (2002), p. 25.
^ Grayson (2002), p. 24.
^ Peter Northward. Stearns & William Leonard Langer (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and mod, chronologically bundled. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN0-395-65237-5. ; "Korea, 500–1000 A.D." Timeline of Arts History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved ix January 2007.
^ Grayson (2002), pp. 27 & 33.
^ "Korean Buddhist Sculpture, 5th–9th Century". Timeline of Arts History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
^ "Korean Buddhist Sculpture (5th–9th century) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". metmuseum.org. Retrieved xi Dec 2014.
^ "Japanese Art and Its Korean Secret". www2.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
^ Fletcher, B.; Cruickshank, D. (1996). Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Compages. Architectural Press. p. 716. ISBN978-0750622677 . Retrieved 12 December 2014.
^ metmuseum.org
^ Grayson, J.H. (2002). Korea: A Religious History. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 33. ISBN978-0700716050 . Retrieved eleven December 2014.
^ Sampa Biswas (2010). Indian Influence on the Art of Japan. Northern Book Centre. ISBN978-8172112691.
^ Kotobank, Jōchō. The Asahi Shimbun.
^ Kotobank, Kei schoolhouse. The Asahi Shimbun.
^ Kotobank, Sanjūsangen-dō. The Asahi Shimbun.
^ Buddhist Statues at the Sanjūsangen-dō. Sanjūsangen-dō.
^ Deborah E. Klimburg-Salter; Christian Luczanits (1997). Tabo: a lamp for the kingdom : early Indo Tibetan Buddhist art in the western Himalaya, Archeologia, arte primitiva east orientale. Skira.
^ ^a ^b T. Richard Blurton (1994), Hindu Art, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674391895, pp. 202–204, Quote: "Buddhism flourished in this part of Republic of india throughout the first millennium Advertizing, especially under the patronage of Pala kings of the 8th and twelfth centuries. Towards the finish of this catamenia, popular Buddhism and Hinduism became increasingly intermeshed. Withal, when Muslim invaders from further westward sacked the monasteries in the twelfth century, Buddhism collapsed as a major force in India."
^ von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1990. Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka. Offset comprehensive monograph on the stylistic and iconographic development of the Buddhist sculptures of Sri Lanka. 752 pages with 1620 illustrations (20 colour and 1445 half-tone illustrations; 144 drawings and 5 maps. (Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.). von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1992. The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka – Masterpieces of Buddhist and Hindu Bronzes from Museums in Sri Lanka, [catalogue of the exhibition held at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D.C., 1 Nov 1992 – 26 September 1993]. (Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.).
^ "The Mail Heathen Period – Part one". seasite.niu.edu. Retrieved xi December 2014.
^ "The Post Pagan Menses – Part 3". seasite.niu.edu. Retrieved xi December 2014.
^ "buddhaartgallery.com". buddhaartgallery.com. Retrieved 11 Dec 2014.
^ "buddhaartgallery.com". buddhaartgallery.com. Retrieved xi December 2014.
^ W. Vivian De Thabrew (2014). Buddhist Monuments and Temples of Cambodia and Laos. Author Business firm. p. 33. ISBN978-1496998972.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dawn F. Rooney (2016). Thai Buddhist Art: Detect Thai Art. River Books. ISBN978-6167339696.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jean Philippe Vogel; Adriaan Jacob Barnouw (1936). Buddhist Art in India, Ceylon, and Coffee. Asian Educational Services. pp. 90–92. ISBN978-8120612259.
^ John Miksic (2012). Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-1462909100.
^ "Prajnaparamita". Virtual Collections of Asian Masterpieces. Retrieved 27 Baronial 2017.
^ Peralta, Jesus T. (July–August 1983). "Prehistoric Gold Ornaments From the Primal Bank of the Philippines". Arts of Asia. pp. 54–60.
^ Zafra, Jessica (26 April 2008). "Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors'". Newsweek . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ Legeza, Laszlo (1988). "Tantric Elements in Pre-Hispanic Gold Fine art". Arts of Asia. Vol. eighteen, no. 4. pp. 129–133.
^ "History of Palawan". Camperspoint. Archived from the original on 15 Jan 2009. Retrieved five Dec 2018.
^ "Early Buddhism in the Philippines". Buddhism in the Philippines. 8 November 2014.
^ Buddha Mind in Gimmicky Fine art, Academy of California Press, 2004
^ ARTlines, April 1983
^ The Brooklyn Runway, December 2007
^ a poster advert one of the events is archived here – http://world wide web.nbo.org.uk/whats%20on/affiche.pdf Archived 24 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine
^ Lokabandhu. "Triratna Buddhist Community News: Report from 'Buddha Listen – Creative Mind?' conference". fwbo-news.blogspot.com. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
^ "Dharma Arts Network – Launched at Buddha Listen – Creative Mind ?". dharmaarts.ning.com. Archived from the original on ten October 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2014.

References [edit]

Grayson, James Huntley (2002). Korea: A Religious History. UK: Routledge. ISBN0-7007-1605-X.
Gibson, Agnes C. (Tr. from the 'Handbook' of Prof. Albert Grunwedel) (1901). Buddhist Fine art in Republic of india. Revised and Enlarged by Jas. Burgess. London: Bernard Quaritc.

Bibliography [edit]

von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1990). Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka. (752 p.; 1620 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. ISBN 962-7049-05-0
von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1992). The Golden Historic period of Sculpture in Sri Lanka - Masterpieces of Buddhist and Hindu Bronzes from Museums in Sri Lanka, [catalogue of the exhibition held at the Arthur Chiliad. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D. C., ane November 1992 – 26 September 1993]. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. ISBN 962-7049-06-9

External links [edit]

Buddhist Art at the Open up Directory Project
The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum
About Sri Lankan classic fine art since prehistorical era

krausebeittlet62.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_art

Which Art Form Was Adapted by Buddhists as a Way of Demonstrating Their Teachings? Quizler

History [edit]

Pre-iconic phase (fifth–1st century BCE) [edit]

Iconic stage (1st century CE – present) [edit]

Northern Buddhist fine art [edit]